Zoonotic Spillover in an Era of Rapid Deforestation of Tropical Areas and Unprecedented Wildlife Trafficking: Into the Wild

Rapid deforestation and unprecedented wildlife trafficking are important factors triggering the rate of zoonotic spillover from animals to humans. Consequently, this leads emergence re-emergence infectious diseases among human population. Deforestation is an ecological disruption that loss biodiversity. The biodiversity results in persistence highest-quality hosts pathogens dominating low-diversity communities, a process termed dilution effect. Activities like intensive farming logging resulted bring vulnerable people close contact with these reservoir (wildlife). As result vulnerability, there increased risk spillover, leading infection humans eventually disease outbreaks during human–human transmission. One prominent example origin ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2), even though original source has not been found. Another factor facilitating trafficking. This involves illegal hunting trading their products, which increases as exchange bodily fluids bloodmeals between butchering animals’ carcasses. little or no hygiene protocol poor handling practices wildlife-trade chain expose poachers, consumers, local market sellers diseases. Despite interventions on deforestation-induced trafficking-associated still knowledge research gaps need be addressed towards preventing future In response this, for interdisciplinary intersectoral collaborations researchers various fields well sectors minimizing driven by at human–animal–environmental nexus. addition, integrated unified evidence-based policy formulation puts end trafficking, especially tropical areas such Africa Asia.